反應(yīng)效率決定了供應(yīng)鏈能否順暢流轉(zhuǎn)，許多人說(shuō)起提高供應(yīng)鏈的反應(yīng)效率，第一時(shí)間就會(huì)想到利用自動(dòng)化技術(shù)取締人工，通過(guò)WMS（倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)管理系統(tǒng)）、TMS（運(yùn)輸管理系統(tǒng)）、OMS（訂單管理系統(tǒng)）來(lái)提高企業(yè)協(xié)同，達(dá)到供應(yīng)鏈提速增效的預(yù)想目標(biāo)。
Reaction efficiency determines whether the supply chain can flow smoothly. Many people talk about improving the response efficiency of the supply chain. The first time they think of using automation technology to eliminate labor, through WMS (Warehouse Management System), TMS (Transportation Management System), OMS (Order Management System) to improve enterprise collaboration, to speed up the supply chain. The expected goal of synergy.
理論上沒(méi)錯(cuò)，自動(dòng)化技術(shù)和信息系統(tǒng)確實(shí)能夠極大程度解決因?yàn)槿斯す芾韼?lái)的誤差、損耗還有成本問(wèn)題。但在實(shí)際應(yīng)用中，有許多企業(yè)砸了高額成本，配備了最先進(jìn)的自動(dòng)化技術(shù)，引進(jìn)WMS、TMS、OMS信息系統(tǒng) ，但供應(yīng)鏈管理依舊不能盡如人意。
Theoretically, automation and information systems do solve the problems of errors, losses, and costs caused by manual management to a great extent. However, in practical application, many enterprises have spent a lot of money, equipped with the most advanced automation technology, introduced WMS, TMS, OMS information systems, but the supply chain management is still unsatisfactory.
供應(yīng)鏈由采購(gòu)、生產(chǎn)制造、物流運(yùn)輸、分銷運(yùn)營(yíng)組合而成，每一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)又會(huì)分有很多個(gè)小節(jié)點(diǎn)，由物流運(yùn)輸串聯(lián)起來(lái)。但第三方物流只是負(fù)責(zé)貨物的流通，并沒(méi)有數(shù)據(jù)傳輸?shù)墓δ埽瑢?duì)于供應(yīng)鏈企業(yè)來(lái)說(shuō)，它能獲得的數(shù)據(jù)信息僅限于上一級(jí)和下一級(jí)企業(yè)，而無(wú)法得知整條供應(yīng)鏈的的情況，各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)的企業(yè)又不愿意公開自己的真實(shí)物流情況。彼此孤立、各自為戰(zhàn)，也就是我們常說(shuō)的“數(shù)據(jù)孤島”現(xiàn)象。
The supply chain is composed of purchasing, manufacturing, logistics transportation and distribution operation. Each link is divided into many small nodes, which are connected by logistics transportation in series. However, the third party logistics is only responsible for the flow of goods, and does not have the function of data transmission. For the supply chain enterprises, the data information it can obtain is limited to the upper and lower levels of enterprises, and can not know the situation of the whole supply chain. Isolated from each other and fighting against each other, that is what we often call "data island" phenomenon.
企業(yè)之間缺乏有效聯(lián)動(dòng)，加上每個(gè)企業(yè)管理、經(jīng)營(yíng)水平都不盡相同，容易出現(xiàn)各種問(wèn)題，反饋、解決供應(yīng)鏈問(wèn)題的時(shí)間成本、溝通成本都太高！尤其是生鮮食品這類原材料采購(gòu)繁雜、生產(chǎn)制造工藝多的供應(yīng)鏈，供應(yīng)鏈有效管理難上加難。供應(yīng)鏈問(wèn)題反饋慢、處理難，是反應(yīng)效率低下的真正原因。
The lack of effective linkage between enterprises, coupled with each enterprise management, management level is not the same, prone to a variety of problems, feedback, to solve the supply chain problems of the time cost, communication costs are too high! Especially in the supply chain of raw materials such as fresh food, it is difficult to manage the supply chain effectively. The slow feedback and difficult handling of supply chain are the real reasons for inefficient response.
所以決定供應(yīng)鏈管理反應(yīng)效率并不在于信息技術(shù)的運(yùn)用，而在于如何聯(lián)通供應(yīng)鏈的物流模式。
So the response efficiency of supply chain management is determined not by the use of information technology, but by how to connect the logistics model of supply chain.
如何提高供應(yīng)鏈的反應(yīng)效率
How to improve the efficiency of supply chain
綜上所述，供應(yīng)鏈反應(yīng)效率大體可分為兩部分，第一部分是供應(yīng)鏈企業(yè)內(nèi)部運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)效率，可以通過(guò)信息系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行有效管控；第二部分則是供應(yīng)鏈各個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)之間的流轉(zhuǎn)效率，需要依靠物流服務(wù)模式來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。
In summary, the supply chain response efficiency can be divided into two parts. The first part is the internal operation efficiency of supply chain enterprises, which can be effectively controlled by information systems. The second part is the transfer efficiency between the nodes of the supply chain, which needs to be realized by logistics service mode.
而供應(yīng)鏈反應(yīng)效率的重點(diǎn)，就在于如何聯(lián)通各個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)。
The key to the efficiency of supply chain reaction lies in how to link all nodes.
1. 物流模式由平臺(tái)整合向運(yùn)營(yíng)服務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)變
1. logistics mode transformation from platform integration to operation service
供應(yīng)鏈管理其實(shí)就是產(chǎn)品流、信息流、資金流的綜合管理，物流在供應(yīng)鏈三流里面比較特殊，因?yàn)樗葘儆诋a(chǎn)品流的一部分，又包含信息流的一部分，可以說(shuō)物流就是產(chǎn)品流和信息流的重要組成部分。
Supply chain management is actually the comprehensive management of product flow, information flow and capital flow. Logistics is special in the third flow of supply chain, because it is part of the product flow and contains a part of information flow. It can be said that logistics is an important part of product flow and information flow.
舉個(gè)例子：
For instance:
假如你要網(wǎng)購(gòu)一件商品，那么采購(gòu)、生產(chǎn)制造、運(yùn)輸、銷售就構(gòu)成了產(chǎn)品流，而你下的訂單信息就形成了信息流，它通過(guò)大量的數(shù)據(jù)整合，來(lái)反饋這種商品的銷售情況、需求情況，甚至這個(gè)地區(qū)的市場(chǎng)需求，通過(guò)信息流來(lái)對(duì)商品、市場(chǎng)進(jìn)行支配。
If you want to buy a commodity online, then purchasing, manufacturing, transportation, sales constitute a product flow, and your order information forms a flow of information, it through a large number of data integration, to feedback the sales of this commodity, demand, and even the market demand in the region, through the flow of information to merchants Products and markets dominate.
在當(dāng)下的平臺(tái)整合商模式，每一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)的數(shù)據(jù)都是相對(duì)獨(dú)立的，供應(yīng)鏈數(shù)據(jù)只能通過(guò)整合的形式來(lái)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)籌，在這個(gè)過(guò)程中會(huì)存在太多數(shù)據(jù)缺失、數(shù)據(jù)篡改的現(xiàn)象，導(dǎo)致供應(yīng)鏈運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)情況無(wú)法得到真實(shí)還原，提高供應(yīng)鏈反應(yīng)效率也就無(wú)從談起。
In the current platform integrator model, the data of each link is relatively independent, and the supply chain data can only be integrated in the form of co-ordination. In this process, there will be too many data missing, data tampering phenomenon, resulting in the operation of the supply chain can not be truly restored, improve the efficiency of supply chain response. There is no way to talk about it.
運(yùn)營(yíng)服務(wù)的作用在于打通供應(yīng)鏈數(shù)據(jù)孤島。只有在公開透明的供應(yīng)鏈環(huán)境下，通過(guò)數(shù)據(jù)信息共享，讓供應(yīng)鏈上的每一個(gè)企業(yè)都能夠直觀地看到供應(yīng)鏈流轉(zhuǎn)情況，出現(xiàn)問(wèn)題能夠第一時(shí)間找到問(wèn)題所在，進(jìn)行應(yīng)對(duì)處理。
The role of operation services is to get rid of the isolated islands of supply chain data. Only in an open and transparent supply chain environment, through data information sharing, so that every enterprise in the supply chain can see the flow of the supply chain intuitively, problems can be found in the first time to deal with the problem.
在供應(yīng)鏈信息共享的狀態(tài)下，物流價(jià)值鏈條也得以重構(gòu)，供應(yīng)鏈需求由末端市場(chǎng)決定，并直接反饋到采購(gòu)端口，省去供應(yīng)鏈逐級(jí)反饋的成本，讓供應(yīng)鏈流轉(zhuǎn)變得更加靈活。
Under the condition of information sharing in the supply chain, the logistics value chain can be reconstructed. Supply chain demand is determined by the end market and is directly fed back to the procurement port. This saves the cost of supply chain feedback step by step and makes the supply chain flow more flexible.
比如生產(chǎn)制造企業(yè)可以直接獲取終端市場(chǎng)對(duì)產(chǎn)品的需求情況，包括地域需求量、產(chǎn)品種類、銷售情況等，去制定生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃。
For example, the production and manufacturing enterprises can directly obtain the end market demand for products, including regional demand, product types, sales, etc., to formulate production plans.
又或者是物流企業(yè)，通過(guò)終端銷售的訂單頻率及銷售量，來(lái)鋪設(shè)全國(guó)配送網(wǎng)點(diǎn)，提高配送服務(wù)水平。
Or logistics enterprises, through the terminal sales order frequency and sales volume, to lay the national distribution network, improve the level of distribution services.
這都是運(yùn)營(yíng)服務(wù)模式，對(duì)于重構(gòu)價(jià)值鏈條的體現(xiàn)?？梢哉f(shuō)物流的運(yùn)營(yíng)服務(wù)模式，并不是簡(jiǎn)單地將供應(yīng)鏈流轉(zhuǎn)效率提速，而是通過(guò)簡(jiǎn)化流程，重構(gòu)價(jià)值，來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)提質(zhì)增效。
This is all about the operation service mode and the reconstruction of value chain. It can be said that the logistics operation service mode is not simply to speed up the efficiency of supply chain circulation, but by simplifying the process and reconstructing the value to achieve quality and efficiency.
2. 物流模式向運(yùn)營(yíng)服務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)型需要具備什么？
2. what is the need to transform logistics mode to operation service?
（1）需要數(shù)據(jù)載體
(1) data carriers are needed.
在目前企業(yè)供應(yīng)鏈?zhǔn)占浳飻?shù)據(jù)的方法主要運(yùn)用RFID電子標(biāo)簽，通過(guò)終端掃描來(lái)讀取貨物信息。RFID電子標(biāo)簽植入的對(duì)象有很多，最常見的有外包裝以及托盤。但如果以外包裝來(lái)作為載體，不僅每個(gè)產(chǎn)品需要配備RFID電子標(biāo)簽成本過(guò)高，逐個(gè)進(jìn)行信息掃描同樣或造成人力成本的浪費(fèi)，所以這種做法一般只會(huì)用到商品零售的場(chǎng)景（主要是可回收）。在物流環(huán)境，一般都會(huì)采用RFID+托盤的形式，以托盤為數(shù)字單元化載體，來(lái)對(duì)貨物進(jìn)行規(guī)范管理。
At present, the methods of collecting cargo data in enterprise supply chain mainly use RFID tags to read cargo information through terminal scanning. There are many objects for RFID tag, the most common ones are outer packaging and pallets. But if external packaging is used as a carrier, not only does each product need to be equipped with RFID tags that cost too much, but scanned information one by one can also cause a waste of labor costs, so this approach is generally used only in retail scenarios (mainly recyclable). In the logistics environment, RFID + pallets are generally used to standardize the management of goods with pallets as digital unit carriers.
運(yùn)營(yíng)服務(wù)商想要實(shí)現(xiàn)以托盤為數(shù)據(jù)載體，打通供應(yīng)鏈數(shù)據(jù)孤島，首先要實(shí)現(xiàn)的就是托盤的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化和統(tǒng)一租賃化，因為只有統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，在交易過(guò)程中才可以避免倒箱倒板，實(shí)現(xiàn)“帶板運(yùn)輸”，也只有統(tǒng)一租賃，才能全程完整地記錄貨物的流轉(zhuǎn)數(shù)據(jù)。如果是兩家運(yùn)營(yíng)商同時(shí)為一條供應(yīng)鏈所服務(wù)，那么最終還是避免不了數(shù)據(jù)整合的現(xiàn)象，這也是統(tǒng)一租賃的意義所在，為了確保數(shù)據(jù)的準(zhǔn)確和完整性。
Operating service providers want to achieve the tray as the data carrier, to break through the supply chain data island, the first thing to achieve is the standardization and unified leasing of pallets, because only unified standards, in the course of trading can avoid inverted boxes, to achieve "belt transport", and only a unified lease, can the whole process be fully recorded. Record the flow data of goods. If two operators are serving a supply chain at the same time, then ultimately the phenomenon of data integration can not be avoided, which is also the significance of a unified lease, in order to ensure the accuracy and integrity of the data.
國(guó)家從2014年就已經(jīng)開始推動(dòng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化托盤的普及，2015年開始推動(dòng)帶板運(yùn)輸理念。國(guó)家層面真正想要實(shí)現(xiàn)的是混亂的托盤市場(chǎng)規(guī)范化，最終實(shí)現(xiàn)統(tǒng)一租賃，降低國(guó)家資源消耗，通過(guò)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化（托盤）和信息化（GS1編碼）為切入點(diǎn)打造智慧型物流。
The state has been promoting the popularization of standardized pallets since 2014, and the concept of belt-plate transportation has been promoted since 2015. What the country really wants to achieve is to standardize the chaotic pallet market, eventually achieve a unified lease, reduce the consumption of national resources, through standardization (pallet) and information (GS1 coding) for the entry point to create smart logistics.
（2）需要具備數(shù)據(jù)運(yùn)營(yíng)能力
(2) data operation capability is required.
運(yùn)營(yíng)服務(wù)商需要搭建數(shù)據(jù)平臺(tái)，將托盤收集到的所有數(shù)據(jù)通過(guò)平臺(tái)來(lái)與企業(yè)TMS、WMS相對(duì)接。企業(yè)可以通過(guò)運(yùn)營(yíng)服務(wù)商的平臺(tái)，隨時(shí)查看貨物流轉(zhuǎn)數(shù)據(jù)、運(yùn)輸情況。因?yàn)樵诠?yīng)鏈上所有數(shù)據(jù)都是公開透明的，企業(yè)可以觀察到貨物的來(lái)龍去脈，出現(xiàn)問(wèn)題可以第一時(shí)間找到責(zé)任環(huán)節(jié)。
Operating service providers need to build a data platform to connect all the data collected by pallets with enterprise TMS and WMS through the platform. Enterprises can check the freight flow data and transportation situation at any time through the platform of operation service providers. Because all the data in the supply chain is open and transparent, enterprises can observe the origin and development of goods, problems can be found in the first place the responsibility link.
如運(yùn)輸過(guò)程中，貨物所處環(huán)境有無(wú)異常、運(yùn)輸路線有無(wú)偏差、時(shí)效性能夠保障、有無(wú)私自拆封/被掉包等。
For example, in the course of transportation, the environment in which the goods are located is abnormal, the route is deviated, the timeliness is guaranteed, and selflessly unpacked/unpacked.
還有倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)環(huán)境，貨物什么時(shí)候到倉(cāng)、貨物數(shù)量有多少、需要儲(chǔ)存多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間、貨物出倉(cāng)后流轉(zhuǎn)到那里等。
There are also warehousing environment, when the goods arrive in the warehouse, the quantity of goods, how long they need to be stored, and the goods flow there after they leave the warehouse.
這一些都需要通過(guò)運(yùn)營(yíng)服務(wù)商對(duì)貨物數(shù)據(jù)的分析管理，實(shí)現(xiàn)企業(yè)與企業(yè)之間的數(shù)據(jù)聯(lián)通，來(lái)提高整條供應(yīng)鏈的反應(yīng)效率。其次，企業(yè)也可以讓運(yùn)營(yíng)服務(wù)商提供數(shù)據(jù)分析服務(wù)，通過(guò)整條供應(yīng)鏈，乃至整個(gè)行業(yè)所有貨物的流量、流向、流速，來(lái)優(yōu)化企業(yè)供應(yīng)鏈，制定日后發(fā)展計(jì)劃。
All of these need to improve the response efficiency of the whole supply chain through the analysis and management of the cargo data by operation service providers to realize the data link between enterprises. Secondly, enterprises can also let operators provide data analysis services, through the entire supply chain, and even the entire industry all goods flow, flow direction, flow rate, to optimize the enterprise supply chain, formulate future development plans.
從順豐京東大戰(zhàn)，再到阿里建立菜鳥體系，歸根結(jié)底還是在于數(shù)據(jù)的爭(zhēng)奪，對(duì)于物流乃至整條供應(yīng)鏈，數(shù)據(jù)終究會(huì)是決定供應(yīng)鏈未來(lái)發(fā)展的決定因素。
From the Beijing-East War in Shunfeng to the establishment of a rookie-bird system in Ali, the final analysis is still the contest for data. For logistics and even the entire supply chain, data will ultimately determine the future development of the supply chain.
所以決定供應(yīng)鏈管理效率的決定點(diǎn)并不在于信息技術(shù)應(yīng)用，而在于運(yùn)營(yíng)模式。在如今的物流發(fā)展中，企業(yè)需要對(duì)供應(yīng)鏈、對(duì)貨物進(jìn)行更有效的管理。無(wú)論是平臺(tái)整合朝運(yùn)營(yíng)服務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)型也好，將區(qū)塊鏈技術(shù)加入到供應(yīng)鏈也好，方式不一樣，但目的都是一樣的，那就是打造一個(gè)更加高效、更加透明的供應(yīng)鏈環(huán)境。
Therefore, the key to determine the efficiency of supply chain management is not the application of information technology, but the operation mode. In today's logistics development, enterprises need to manage the supply chain and goods more effectively. Whether it is a transition from platform integration to operational services, or the integration of block chain technology into the supply chain, the way is different, but the purpose is the same, that is, to create a more efficient and transparent supply chain environment.
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